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DNS, Domains, and Zones

Domains starting at a top level (i.e., near the root) are particularly important for DNS operation.


These domains are generally called Top Level Domains (TLDs), and TLDs are often referred to by specific names.

The entire name space is called the root domain, and some common first-level domains are called generic top level domains or gTLDs. Examples of gTLDs are the com, net, and org domains. At the first level, there are also percountry domain names, which are called country code top level domains (or ccTLDs).

There isno technical difference between gTLDs and ccTLDs in terms of the DNS protocol; the difference is in who manages the corresponding name space.

An arbitrary connected subset of the name space can be a notion called a zone. Every node in the name space belongs to one and only one of the zones, which allows a zone to define an administration boundary of a particular part of the name space.

Note that a zone is not necessarily a sub-tree, and does not necessarily equal the domain of the same name. In fact, the corresponding zones for most top-level domains are not equal to the domains; in particular, the root zone effectively consists of the root node only. Each zone is served by one or more nameservers.




IP Country Location - IP Ranges

CIDR

The TCP/IP routing system is designed around the concept of a network ID, which is dependent on the address class (A, B, or C) of the IP address.



The address class system has some limitations and is sometimes an inefficient method for assigning blocks of addresses to a single provider.

Classless Internet Domain Routing (CIDR) offers an alternative method for assigning addresses and determining routes. The CIDR system specifies a host through an address/mask pair, such as 85.94.160.0/19. The mask number represents the number of address bits associated with the network ID.

The CIDR system offers more efficient routing if the routing protocols support it. CIDR reduces the necessary information that must pass between routers because it lets the routers treat multiple class networks as a single entity. Recent protocols, such as OSPF and BGP4, support classless addressing, but older protocols, such as RIP, do not support CIDR.

 

IP Address Ranges

Many webmasters have the necessity to block IP addresses for certain countries and we have seen a many request to integrate such a IP country tool that will list not only IP range for certain country assorted by IP blocks but also give visitor option to choose the format of IP range output.



You can choose with our IP ranges tool of you would simple to list all IP range or you would like to have CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing) output.

For easy integrating into your .htaccess file we have added option where you can chose prefix Deny or Allow in combination with CIDR Range(Classless Internet Domain Routing) or IP Ranges to block country from accessing your website or to allow only specific country to access your site.

For example if you would like to block traffic from Andorra then simple select Prefix Deny with CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing) output for Andorra you will get:





ANDORA
<Limit GET HEAD POST>
order allow,deny
deny from 85.94.160.0/19
deny from 91.187.64.0/19
deny from 194.117.123.178/32
deny from 194.158.64.0/19
deny from 195.112.181.196/32
deny from 195.112.181.247/32
allow from all
</LIMIT>

If IP country ranges list is higher than 10KB pop-up will prompt to download complete IP ranges in gzip format.



We keep our IP address database up to date.
Last IP ranges database updated ==> June 13, 2023

IP ranges by Ip Country Location

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Prefix: Output:



 

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